tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23827427810591408522024-03-15T12:54:35.870-07:00Rabin DhakalA ResearcherRabin Dhakalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07536362481195695930noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2382742781059140852.post-45929911485794526102016-08-10T09:21:00.000-07:002016-08-11T01:57:51.732-07:00Journey battle of home made archery to battle of machines ABU ROBOCON 2012<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times new roman", serif; line-height: 107%;">The best work is work that is fun! You enjoy your hobby, so why not take those great ideas, a little determination and turn your hobby into a career. I used to play battle game with own made archery that show up in hobby of working with machines, the more powerful a lead these things provided in steering me to meaningful professional and career choice as mechanical engineering. Choosing a hobby as career, besides outstanding academic </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times new roman", serif; line-height: 17.12px;">achievements i also got opportunity to represent my nation in the international arena amidst other nation in the very start of my career. Asia- Pacific Robot Contest-or as it is more popularly refereed to, the ABU Robocon- was the very first international exposure to my career. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Perhaps it is the odd Hollywood movie—the kind the
industry churns out every once in a while—that has wrought in our minds visions
of mechanical wonders and futuristic worlds often too fantastic to be true.
Whimsically constructed machines are shown maneuvering in clearly
implausible environs, and these images that pop culture has to offer are
largely figments of people’s imagination, yet to be released.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">For those living in Kathmandu, such mechanical innovations might seem even more
incongruous given our contrasting surroundings, which is why most of us will
find it hard to believe that there exist groups of young Nepali undergraduates
who toil every year to compete in an international robot competition. If that
wasn’t surprising enough, they’ve also, till date, always been
counted among-st the best teams from South Asia. In fact, the Nepali
team has even fared better in the Asia-Pacific Robot Contest, or as it is
more popularly referred to—the ABU Robocon—than India, a country noted for the
stellar quality of its technical universities and the prowess its graduates
have displayed in the field over the years.</span></div>
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A select, voluntary group of students in their third and fourth years of
Bachelor in Engineering Studies at the Pulchowk Engineering Campus—most from the
mechanical and electronics engineering departments—have been participating in
the ABU Robocon every year since the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU)
first introduced the contest in 2002. As a non-profit, professional association
of broadcasting organisations that aims to aid the development of broadcasting
in the Asia-Pacific region and promote the collective interests of its members,
the ABU’s involvement in the robotics competition is as much a cultural
celebration as it is a technical one.<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Every year
the organizers select a theme that is culturally significant, and
unique to the country that’s hosting the Robocon. </span>The contest
itself is nothing short of a “world cup for robot and technology
enthusiasts” from the Asia-Pacific region and beyond.</span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-size: 14.95px; line-height: 23.92px;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In the year 2012 bout was set to take place in the glittering city of Hong Kong, and
the robots that participated were expected to complete a number of
allocated tasks, including travelling through simulated tunnels and bridges,
locating a ‘bun tower’ and snatching as many of these ‘buns’ as possible. As a
city made up of some 200 or so small-sized islands, Hong Kong’s landscape is
marked by a profusion of bridges and tunnels. So, the ‘landscape’ the
participating robots will have to man-oeuvre through during the contest—set to
took place on August 19—was a reflection of the city’s unique metropolitan
feature. It is interesting to note that these robots was being taking part in a
tradition that the people of Hong Kong’s tiny island of Cheung Chau have been practicing
for the past 100 years. The Cheung Chau Bun Festival is an annual affair in
which three giant 60-foot bamboo towers, referred to as the ‘Bun Mountains,’
must be stripped of their buns. This was traditionally achieved by young men
clambering on top of the towers, but rules have evolved over the years, and
these days, only one person is designated to climb each tower.</span></span></div>
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The practice is believed to bring good fortune to the families of those who
manage to strip off the buns placed highest on the towers, and perhaps this is
where Robocon 2012 derives its slogan: ‘In Pursuit of Peace and Prosperity.’ The Nepali team set a goal to succeeds in putting up a good show at the festival, that will
mean a lot for this group of self-motivated students who have been working,
oftentimes without even going home to sleep, purely for the joy of creating,
reveling in the bit-by-bit progression of a machine which has come about
through their collective ideas and efforts.</span></span></div>
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There is nothing glitzy, or even the least bit glamorous about the one-storied
building from which the Pulchowk Engineering Campus’ Robotics Club
operates. In fact, the brick and concrete structure is rather garage-like; a
small group of young men—their hair disheveled and their shirt sleeves rolled
up—tinker on an assortment of greasy, noisy machines. Yet, they work
wholeheartedly—there is no easy way around this—for in it they find a practical
outlet for all that they’ve learnt in their three or four years of college, as
well as outside of it. Having thus synthesized their minds and energies into
one specific end, to get to compete with others with similar inclinations and
interests on an international platform is an incredible opportunity for the
team. Robocon gives the students at Pulchowk a “creative platform”, one
that helps advance their steps forward in the ever-intriguing field of
technology.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , "times" , serif; font-size: 14.95px; line-height: 23.92px;">Ref: Article on The Kathmandu Post in title Battle of Machines </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.2px; text-align: left;">Jul 27, 2012</span></span></div>
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Rabin Dhakalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07536362481195695930noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2382742781059140852.post-66937882576819109382016-08-10T08:45:00.002-07:002016-08-10T08:47:01.240-07:00Encourage innovation: A relatively new technology has the potential to end the country’s energy crisis <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Government of Nepal
declared an energy emergency last February – the third one in the last eight
years – and targeted to end the energy crisis in two years. With the recent
change of government, the fate of the plan is in limbo. Hydropower, the major
source of Nepal’s electricity generation, can’t end Nepal’s energy crisis in
such a short time by virtue of its capital intensive and time consuming nature.
Alternative technologies like solar, micro-hydro, biogas, and wind have been
explored</span><span lang="NE" style="font-family: "arial unicode ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">and
for several reasons they have not been enough. More appropriate energy
generation technologies have to be explored to widen energy access to different
parts of Nepal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A
relatively new technology invented in Austria in 2007 and improvised by
researchers of Nepal, shows promise of delivering small amount of electric
power, from few kilowatts up to 25 kilowatts, generated using the vortex of
flowing water. </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The technology is named
Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant (GWVPP). When water passes through a
strategically designed basin, vortex of water is formed causing the turbine
located at the center of the basin to rotate. The energy of the turbine can
either be used mechanically or be used to generate electricity. Compared to
most hydropower plants of Nepal that need hundreds of meters of head
(difference of height between the points from where water is first released
from river or dam to the location of turbine), and micro-hydro power plants
that need tens of meters of head, GWVPP can operate in less than a meter of
head. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">With
relatively lower installation costs and low head requirement, these plants can
be installed in many places in Nepal, including Terai, thus providing a novel
alternative for electricity generation for places without access to national
electricity grid. Small power plants like these can be beneficial for small and
medium enterprises in using local and renewable energy resources, thus greatly
reducing operating costs and carbon footprint. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nepali
researchers started research works in GWVPPs in Nepal since 2012. After
continuous efforts of several researchers of Nepal, two major innovations were
accomplished. Instead of original design with cylindrical basins, conical
basins were found to be more efficient in forming water vortices. Similarly, if
the turbine is positioned at 60 to 70 % of height from bottom, efficiency would
be optimum. These innovations were a result of rigorous mathematical modeling,
laboratory tests, and design efforts. The researchers overcame problems
typically faced by researchers in developing countries including lack of
adequate funding, lack of technical expertise, difficulty in manufacturing, and
little support from government and non-governmental bodies. The results obtained have been peer reviewed
and accepted by the scientific community in international conferences and
academic journals, including Elsevier’s Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Only few research efforts
make it from academia to industry and society, which is even less so in Nepal.
Besides academic and professional recognition, scientists and researchers covet
the potential impact and implementation of their ideas and findings for society
the most. The improved design of Nepali researchers, currently patent pending, is
finding few takers in Nepal. Currently, a GWVPP of 1.6 kW capacity is being
installed in Bagmati River at Gokarna, Kathmandu. The plant will supply
electricity to a nearby orphanage and Martyr’s Park. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Technical and commercial
feasibility of installation of these plants have been studied for several
locations. The goal of the innovators is to install a minimum of 50 such plants
ranging from 5 kW to 20 kW capacity in the next 5 years. The initiative led by
Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus has garnered support from Kathmandu
University and University of Bristol. More research into financial, economic,
social and policy dimensions and implications of the technology are in
pipeline. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Low head
small scale hydro-electricity generation is feasible in many places of Nepal,
including Terai and has the potential to help abate the energy poverty Nepal is
facing. Innovations made in Nepal’s universities should find its way to society
and international scientific community. Research and innovation initiatives
like this should be supported by government, people, media, and all to
encourage Nepali innovators to develop appropriate solutions to Nepal’s
pressing problems. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 24px;">http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-08-02/encourage-innovation.html</span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rabin
Dhakal and Kshitiz Khanal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rabin
Dhakal is a lecturer at Kantipur Engineering College and Kshitiz Khanal is a
researcher at Kathmandu University. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Rabin Dhakalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07536362481195695930noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2382742781059140852.post-69518207383534005642016-07-17T10:34:00.000-07:002016-07-20T00:42:17.485-07:00My Experience of Research to Practice of Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant in Nepal <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It is often claimed that scientist and researchers are
the citizens of the world; they have no boundaries. But as a researcher of
third world countries like Nepal the real challenge is when making the research
works recognizable to the world. Almost all of us researchers have dream to
discover new ideas which induce high impact to society and also want the ideas
be implemented in real world. To represent one’s nation in the international
arena, to hold its flag high amidst other nations, is a matter of great pride.
And the Research and Practice on Gravitational water vortex power plant was the
perfect opportunity for me and my fellow researchers at Institute of
Engineering, Central Campus Pulchowk. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">After rigorous research of 3 years,
we the researchers of Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus have been
successful in optimizing a design of new and innovative technology addressing
the current energy crisis in Nepal. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Gravitational Water
Vortex power plant (GWVPP) is a new type of technology in which the energy of
flowing water is extracted by a turbine placed at the center of a vortex that
develops in a rotation tank (basin). Since such vortex can be formed at heads
as low as 0.7 m, the gravitational water vortex power plant do not need a large
head like other hydroelectric power plant. The construction cost is relatively
small. This makes them suitable on river across the Nepal, at thousands of
locations. GWVPP designed to be installed in remote areas of terai region that
would never see grid expansion and is designed to electrify a small community
of up to 200 homes per pant under Nepali consumptions patterns. As most of
cottage industries are located in such sector they can be benefited. This has
the possibility of removing the need for mega hydropower stations. The
installation of gravitational water vortex power plant can act as an exemplary
project that can have huge environmental benefit with no negative environmental
impact. Thus, for developing country like Nepal, this technology of power
production can be a boon to eradicate energy crisis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Low
head turbine can be the most suitable option for rural electrification. GWVPP is
a new and emerging technique in context of low head hydro power. The research
on the gravitational water vortex power plant originates from Austria in the
year 2007.After introduction of GWVPP in Nepal as a master degree research
project of a student in the year 2012, it become eye-catching and interesting
topic for the researchers around Nepal. Two other batches of 2013 and 2014 of
mechanical engineering continued the research of GWVPP with the goal to
optimize the efficiency of power plant. Conventionally the Austrain are using
cylindrical basin structure to form a water vortex which is main source of
power in GWVPP. So our main interest to design the parameters of the vessel to
increase the strength of water vortex. With the rigorous research on the design
parameters for about 3 years we have developed a new mathematical model for the
design of the basin structure and got a conclusion that the conical basin
structure is efficient than cylindrical basin structure to create water vortex.
After finding a suitable basin structure to form water vortex, we move forward
to optimize the design of the turbine of power plant. With many experimental
testing and mathematical analysis we got a conclusion that the position of
turbine inside basin effect the efficiency to large extent and its position about
60%-70% height of basin from bottom position is optimum for maximum power
extraction. These two findings are breakthrough in research and development of
GWVPP. We have published research articles in many National and international
conference including world hydro conference at USA and Renewable Energy
Conference at Korea, with many awards like innovative awards, best practice
awards, special awards and best one is the publication in the world’s top
journal in Renewable Energy Field i.e. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
we all know, there are large impedances to explore your capabilities here in
Nepal and the challenge amplifies as it is a very small technological field.
Everyone has dream to serve their country but very few people are not obliged
to leave for abroad. My fellow colleagues who are involved in research project
have engagements which does not allow them to stay in Nepal but I am striving
here to commercialize the research findings. But some generous people form
inside and outside country helped me concerning commercialization of this
project which was noteworthy and made it conducive enough to test the patent
pending design successfully in Bagmati River at Gokarna, Kathmandu this week
which is of 1.6kW capacity. We are planning to supply the electricity to an
orphanage house and Martry’s Park near the site of installation.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">We have also taken the initiative to
commercialize this project in various regions of Nepal by doing feasibility
study at many locations with goal to lessen the imbalance between energy supply
and energy demand prevailing in the country by the effective utilization of
this technology and bringing about economic benefit for all. We </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">have taken a goal that by the fifth year of the
project, minimum of 50 GWVPP of capacity ranging from 5kw to 20 kW will be
installed with continuation of the research in collaboration with Institute of
Engineering (TU), Turbine Testing Lab of Kathmandu University School of
Engineering, and University of Bristol, United Kingdom.</span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In a conclusion, our vision of empowering
the society by exploiting our own immense water and natural resource through
promising technology is appreciated by all. The experiences we collected during
the research and development of gravitational water vortex power plant made us
realize one important fact that we can lead in research and development in
globe if only we focus on the research based on technology that we have within
Nepal.</span></div>
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Rabin Dhakalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07536362481195695930noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2382742781059140852.post-20679728855481711832015-02-02T03:48:00.000-08:002015-02-14T19:53:21.653-08:00Press Release of of International Capstone Design on Renewable Energy Technology, Mokpo National University, Mokpo South Korea. <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Through the rigorous research, we the research and team of Institute of Engineering, Pulhcowk Campus has been successful in creating a new and innovative technology addressing the current energy crisis in Nepal. Our Team including 9 students and 3 professors has developed a new micro hydro power plant that is efficiently applicable in low head region like the Terai Region. The success can be a revolution in electrifying various rural communities of the country. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant is based on the principle of converting the potential energy of water with a powerful Gravitational Water Vortex (GWV) in a rotation tank to kinetic energy. The kinetic energy is focused as rotation energy to the turbine in the center of the GWVPP. The turbine converts the rotation energy of the GWV together with a generator to green electricity.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #141823;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">While participating in the CORE 2015 representing research, development and promotion team of 7 of Nepal among various other participants around the globe indeed was a great honor for me. The international exposure during the competition 2015 International Conference on Renewable Energy Technology CORE-2015 held at Mokpo National University, Mokpo, South Korea was a plus point for all the Nepalese researchers as the platform gave us the international recognition. Out of total of 72 projects from various nations our project entitled “Design Optimization of basin and testing of runner for Gravitational Water Vortex power plant” received an outstanding response from the jury members and was also given the special award. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br style="background-color: white; color: #141823; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; line-height: 18px;">The achievement during the Capstone renewable energy design contest helped to pay off all the hard work that we had done during our undergraduate research. The vision of Nepalese people to empower the society by exploiting their own immense water and other natural resources through promising technology was appreciated by all. The experiences that I collected during the contest made me realize one important fact that we will be able to lead the globe in research and development if only we focus on the research based on technology that we have within Nepal.</span></span><br />
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Rabin Dhakalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07536362481195695930noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2382742781059140852.post-3952035654695821792014-11-27T17:56:00.000-08:002014-11-27T17:56:59.762-08:00GRAVITATIONAL WATER VORTEX POWER PLANT FOR AGRO BASED INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Dear Colleagues,<br />
I want to share the concept prepared by my team for the Innovative idea competition organized jointly by AEPC and CES '<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 115%;">'Scaling up Utilization of Renewable Energy
Technologies for Green Industrial Development' </span>in the renewable energy week 2014.<span id="goog_294304959"></span><span id="goog_294304960"></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Introduction: </b><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">The
micro hydro power plants installed in Nepal are characterized with (medium and
high head) which are mainly available in Hilly region. However, the Terai
region has water resources with very low head and medium to high discharge
conditions and there are several Irrigation Projects for cultivating land which
can be utilized to produce electricity to electrify small community which can
be a step toward the industrial development in that sector. Hence, the people
of the Terai region are not being able to fully utilize the water resources
available near them. So ultra-low head gravitational water vortex turbines are
useful for power generation in the Terai region. Hence,</span><span style="line-height: 107%; text-align: left;">Existing
Irrigation canal can be used as power source by the farmers which w</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2382742781059140852" name="_GoBack" style="line-height: 107%; text-align: left;">ill make them independent of national grid supply thus free from
loadshedding. So their production will not depend upon </a><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">the power source by
the national supply and will also reduce their expense on power. The power
produced can be used to run farms and agro </span><span style="line-height: 13.910000801086426px;">machinery</span><span style="line-height: 107%;">.</span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><b>Problems: </b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 107%;"></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Nepal faces a load-shedding crisis: each year at certain times, electrical authorities cut off electric current on certain lines when power demand becomes greater than supply. As Ratna Sansar Shrestha explains in Hydro Nepal magazine, large-scale hydro projects can’t keep up with 10.7% annual increases in power demand. This is because of Nepal Electricity Authority’s (NEA) delayed completion of projects, system mismatches in the seasonal variation of water and inadequacies in much of this mountainous country’s infrastructure. As a result, severe load-shedding will continue at least into the dry season of 2017. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Economic losses from these planned interruptions include liquid fuel shortages as households and businesses burn fuel in generators that was destined for the transportation sector. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span>
<b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Solutions : </b><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="background-color: white;">These are the problems. Where are the solutions? Perhaps the best way to answer the question is to pose another one: If large-scale doesn’t work, what about small-scale?” </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" /></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="background-color: white;">We have worked with renewable energy concepts over the last three years in Centre for Energy Studies and I think Gravitational Vortex Power (GVP) is a solution that could work for Nepal. Let me explain how it works</span></span><br />
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<b style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">How
it works?</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">When we pull the plug from a sink that when the water gets
low it starts to spin into the drain hole. It actually makes a mini-whirlpool
as the last of the water drains out. Scaling that round hole up from something
that is 12 cm in diameter to something with a 5-meter diameter and we can create
a larger amount of spinning water with a larger amount of kinetic energy.
Gravity does all the work as water flows. Now adding curved blades to dig into
the spinning water, attach an electrical power generator and we have GVP. The
rotational movement of water in the shallow circular basin creates a stable
continuous gravitational vortex, 24 hours per day, seven days a week. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">By comparison to large
Hydro project, small GVP plants can use local materials, can cost as little as
$10,000 and do not need to dam the water to operate. The GVP plant merely uses
the water for a few seconds as it flows on its way down stream. GVP is designed
to be installed in remote areas of terai region that would never see grid
expansion into local villages and is designed to electrify a small community of
up to 200 homes per plant under Nepali consumption patterns.</span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;">As most
cottage industries are located in such sector they can be benefited.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">How can GVP be a Solution?</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Kathmandu faces its own set of challenges, while in the countryside another set of variables limits the availability and supply of power. So how does using small hydro affect change in the national power grid? It boils down to economics and scale of raw material input for targeted output. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Let’s look a single Large Scale Project first, the Upper Tamakoshi Hydroelectric Project. The project, which will have a maximum output of 456 MW per day during the monsoon, will cost an estimated US$441 million, excluding interest. Maximum output will drop by 60% or more during the dry season. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Additional costs will include 132 kV high voltage transmission lines for future grid extension: between $8000–10,000 per kilometre, rising to $22,000 in difficult terrain. Then there is the cost of sub-station construction and additional road building at $20,000 per km. So assuming that everything is on budget (unlikely, based on past performance), let’s round off to $500 million. And one more thing: most of the new lines will by-pass rural communities in Nepal as they wend their way to India to serve Power Purchase Agreements (PPA’s).</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="background-color: white;">By comparison, small GVP plants can use local materials, can cost as little as $10,000 and do not need to dam the water to operate. The GVP plant merely uses the water for a few seconds as it flows on its way down stream. Just the environmental advantages to its usage warrant further investigation as a solution. GVP is designed to be installed in remote areas that would never see grid expansion into local villages and is designed to electrify a small community of up to 200 homes per plant under Nepali consumption patterns. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="background-color: white;">If we use the same figure of $500 million for one large project that provides diminishing electrical output as rains decrease from October to May each year, you could build 50,000 GVP plants. These plants generating 57 MWh per year would equal 2,850,000MWh or 2,850 GWh annually fed directly to the local communities in remote locations that need it most. Here is where the shocking part comes in: the forecast annual energy output from the Upper Tamakoshi Project is 2,281 GWh. You generate more power from GVP, save on the amount of construction materials and do not need to dam an entire river! </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="background-color: white;">With Nepal’s special set of circumstances we must think in inverse terms. The usual train of thought is to electrify from major population centers out to the countryside, but in Nepal’s case it needs to be the opposite to reduce load-shedding. This country needs to electrify from the countryside back into the cities, as most cottage industries are located outside large urban areas. The economy is stagnating from lack of power in these areas. If rural communities can generate their own power locally off the main grid, then excess power not consumed in smaller outlying districts can be diverted back into Kathmandu or other cities languishing in the dark. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Another benefit beyond revitalization of the rural economy would be that materials used for local construction will be bought locally and those living close to the GVP plants can maintain and repair the generators themselves, not relying on German engineers being flown in to Nepal to work on a damaged large-scale generator. Under this system electrical lines are local, minimizing their cost. The can be bought from local vendors and strung up on already existing electrical poles. This means revenue circulates throughout a local area and the community sees a direct economic benefit.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><b style="background-color: white;"><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Hence Gravitational
Water vortex Power Plant </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">can be a step toward a
green industrial development as the materials used for construction of GVPP be
bought locally and those living close to the GVP plants can maintain and repair
the generators and Mechanical Components themselves. Under this system electrical
lines are local, minimizing their cost. The can be bought from local vendors
and strung up on already existing electrical poles. This means revenue
circulates throughout a local area and the community sees a direct economic benefit. Thus GVPP installed in </span>existing irrigation projects is economic way of Agro based industrial Development and also for rural electrification</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">Reference</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="background-color: white;"> : </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="background-color: white;">1. David DuByne is Advisor and Director of Foreign Co-operation with Energy Research Nepal. He can be contacted at David.DuByne@ERN.org.np</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="background-color: white;">2. </b><b>http://rbndhakal.blogspot.com/2013/12/down-drain-solution-to-nepals-power_16.html</b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 24px;">with regards,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">Rabin Dhakal</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">Researcher </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 24px;">Institute of Engineering </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 24px;">Central Campus Pulchowk </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Rabin Dhakalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07536362481195695930noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2382742781059140852.post-8319007282852005292014-10-24T21:33:00.002-07:002016-03-22T23:35:01.395-07:00Technical + Spiritual Deusi Bhailo Program of Shree Krishna Pranami Technical Youth Council Nepal(प्रबिधिमा श्री राज्जी)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: helvetica, arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.6364px; line-height: 17.5636px;">प्राबिधिक क्षेत्रका प्रणामी र सेवा नै परम धर्मं मा बिश्वास गर्ने अन्य समुदायका युवाहरु मिलेर मह</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: helvetica, arial, 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.6364px; line-height: 17.5636px;">ामति श्रीप्रणनाथजीको “सेवानै परम धर्म” भन्ने महान् सन्देशलाई सिरोधार्य गर्दै सेवा प्राबिधिक रुपबाट विभिन्न उद्योगहरुको स्थापना, रोजगारीको सृजना र विभिन्न उपयोगी समानहरुको उत्पादनबाट पनि सम्भव छ भन्ने सोच सहित प्रविधिमा श्रीरज्जीको स्थापना भएको हो | “प्रविधिमा श्रीरज्जी” ले धर्म र प्रबिधिको बिचमा रहेको अन्तरमा पुल बनेर काम गर्ने पनि सोच राखेको छ | यसै सोचका साथ हामीले आफ्नो पहिलो प्रोजेक्टको रुपमा एउटा प्रणामी धर्मको Android Apps बनाउने लगायत अन्य विभिन्न प्रोजेक्टको अनुसन्धानको काम सुरु गरिसकेका छौ | देउसी-भैलोबाट उठेको रकमले अन्य विभिन्न प्रोजेक्ट गर्ने सोच हामीले राखेका छौ|</span></div>
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<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">Project 1: Idea to Industry<br />Project 2: श्री राज्जी brand Products<br />Project 3: Education through श्री राज्जी Apps<br />Project 4 : Research मा श्री राज्जी</span></div>
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अन्तमा, हामी अन्य विभिन्न समयमा पनि यहाहरुको सहयोगको अपेक्षा राख्ने छौ | तपाइको सहयोग, सल्लाह र सुझावको उच्च मुल्यांकन गरिनेछ |</div>
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!प्रणाम !!!!!!!!!!!</div>
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Rabin Dhakalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07536362481195695930noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2382742781059140852.post-22524073489963119652014-10-22T08:21:00.001-07:002016-04-02T06:43:23.765-07:00Press Release of Historic National Conference of Engineering Economics and Sustainable Devlopment<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Press release of National Conference on Energy Economics and
Sustainable Development<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB">22<sup>nd</sup> October, 2014<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">With an
objective of making energy sector a medium for nation’s sustainable development
through mutual collaboration and movement, a one-day National Conference on
Energy Economics and Sustainable Development has been successfully completed.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">The conference
was organized by GHEaSES International, Asian Institute of Technology and
Management, WECAN, IEFS, NRN Australia and Kathmandu University along with the
co-operation of Alternative Energy Program Centre, SEMAN and NMHDA, where,
people related to energy sector and experts were involved. The conference was
mainly focussed on Nepal’s economy, contributions from energy sector, its
possibility, status of hydropower and renewable energy, new technologies and
its applicability.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">During the
inauguration of the seminar, Dr. Govinda Nepal, a member of National Planning
Commission, presented a key note highlighting the emphasis that Nepal should
give to social, economic and political sector during the energy development. He
also addressed the fact that active participation from every sector is equally
important to attract foreign investments. Dr. Rabindra Nepal from Queensland
University and also affiliated to GHEaSES International emphasized the use of modern technologies.
During the technical sessions of the conference, Professor Amrit Man Nakarmi talked
about current energy consumption trends and future energy/ GHG scenarios of
Nepal; Madhusudhan Adhikari of AEPC presented points about energy market and
economics of Nepal; Shishir Shakya of IFS presented about co-integration and
casuality between electricity consumption and GDP; emperical evidence from
Nepal; Professor Jagan Nath Shrestha talked about the impact of decentralized
PV grid-connected plans on load shedding in Nepal; Miss Anantaa Pandey of AITM
talked about the effectiveness of subsidy policy in addressing barriers to
renewable energy technology deployment in Nepal; Kshitiz Khanal and Sadam affiliated
to GHEaSES International presented about
the collaborative and open access research for energy sector in Nepal. The
Chairperson of the technical session was Prof. Dr. Tri Ratna Bajracharya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">The panel
discussion titled Power Trade Agreement (PTA) and Project Development Agreement
(PDA) was moderated by Dr. Sandeep Shah and the panellists were Prof. Dr. Hari
Pandit (IOE/TU), Surya Nath Upadhaya (JVS), Shital Babu Regmee (former
Secretary/GoN), Gyanendra Lal Pradha (FNCCI) and Khadga Bista (IPPAN). Majority
of them were positive about PTA although they emphasized in its implementation aspects.
Regarding PDA, they stressed that changes should be made in some of its
criteria.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">The second panel
discussion titled Implementation of energy-mix in Nepal; opportunities and
challenges was moderated by Mr. Ram Prasad Dhital and the panellists were Prof.
Jagan Nath Shrestha, Prof. Amrit Man Nakarmi, Sher Singh Bhat (NEA), Nr.
Narayan Chaulagain and Nabin Bhujel. During the discussion, they presented the
fact that solar energy, gasifier and wind energy should be taken along with the
hydropower as energy mix for solving the energy problem of Nepal. Decreasing
the import of petroleum by encouraging alternative energy options leading to
positive impacts on nation’s economy also came along in the discussion.
Likewise, the sustainability of energy mix was also emphasized.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
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</div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">At last, Er.
Rabin Dhakal, an Organizer of CEESDvs, gives closing remarks on behalf of Dr.
Shanker Dhakal , he addressed that through
this conference, intellectual development transformation of Nepal is supposed
to begin and GHEaSES, TNUN, SOMES Nepal and GOD in Technology and all other collaborators are representative of it. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b>This is the closing speech of Mine in the conference: </b><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">"Respected Chief Guest and
Guests; Experts researching and practicing on energy policies, technology,
economics and management; Fellow organizers, supporters and sponsors from
academia, industry, government and community; And dear participants: Very warm
good afternoon!! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I, Rabin Dhakal, Acting
CEO and Asst. Director of Mechanical and Aeronautical Wing of GHEaSES
International Pvt. Ltd., is speaking on behalf of our Managing Director, Dr.
Shanker Dhakal who is the original brain behind today's giant CEESDev
conference. He unfortunately couldn’t attend this esteemed "Satsang"
of Energy and Economics having to come all the way from Melbourne. However, I
have seen, Dr. Dhakal has done more than any of us in putting together this
conference, by mobilizing the entire
Nepalese cohort of his rich network interested in energy-assisted "Intelligent
Development Transformation" of Nepal! He brilliantly mobilized his fellow
colleagues of GHEaSES International Pvt. Ltd. and TNUN in Nepal NRNA ICC and
NCC -Australia's SKI project, in achieving excellent event management ,
engagement and impact of today. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I sincerely acknowledge
the leadership skills of our Principal Convener, Dr. Vishnu Prasad Pandey, from
AITM in Nepal throughout the preparation, including when he was travelling to
and from Japan last week. The way Dr. Pandey coordinated with Dr. Dhakal and
all stakeholders involved through online and physical meetings was exemplary. I
am truly impressed. These two heads of the conference demonstrated that
successful leaders don't only manage people and things but they also work very
hard and intelligently by themselves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Thumbs up to all brilliant
paper and poster presenters and panelists of today who have totally won our
heart. We have now no doubt, they are the true specialist of their field. The
mind blowing invited talk of Dr. Rabindra Nepal from the University of
Queensland, GHEaSES and NRNA-Australia SKI is still surrounding my head :-) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I sincerely reveal the
input from dear fellow organizers: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">- AITM's management, liaised by Dr. Pandey,
for providing this beautiful venue and multimedia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">- Mr Guna Raj Dhakal from WECAN and Mr.
Mohan Raj Joshi from Nabil Bank by massively working in identifying and
communicating with potential supporters, sponsors and panelists. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">- Mr. Madhu Sudan Gautam from IFS by
providing so many of his students as volunteers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">- Mr. Prachanda Pradhan from KU by
contributing in some of paper reviews despite his pressures of PhD defense. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">- Mr. Sunil KC by bringing diplomatic
delegate and increasing the weight of the conference <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">- Dr. Binod Shrestha and Mr. Mahendra Oli
from NRNA-Australia SKI by providing moral and financial support to the
conference all the way from Oceania and endorsing Dr. Dhakal and Dr. Nepal as
their representatives. This has added "international" flavor and
impact to our "national" conference. The news has therefore been
circulated widely across ICC network of NRNA, which we can capitalize upon in
our future activities and projects in Nepal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">We express our special vote of thanks to
AEPC, SEMAN, NMHDA, Argakhachi Cement, Nabil Bank and their current leaders for
providing necessary fund and support for physically materializing today's
success. Similarly, how can we keep silent without thanking our media partners,
namely, Urja News and Himalaya TV, and other independent journalists and
camerapersons. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A big hug to my fellow friends of GHEaSES
International Pvt. Ltd. ,TNUN, Coordination Committee SOMES Nepal and God in Technology, both inside Nepal and abroad,
namely, Er. Kshitiz Khanal (conference secretariat), Er. Sadam Bala (event
coordinator), Mr. Santosh Pandey, Mr. Sagun Lage, Dr. Dhruba Panthi, Er. Ganesh
Sinkemana, Mr. Sujan Ghimire, Er. Prashidha Kharel , Ravi Prakash, Kiran Pandey
and Arun Pandey and all lovely Volunteers!
At the expense of their precious time, they have invested their personal and
political capital in to this historic conference, having been driven by true
passion! I admire them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Most significantly, the outcome of this
conference, both the full papers as well as highly valuable opinions given by
the experts involved in two different panel discussion sessions will be
compiled, thoroughly reviewed, edited, published and disseminated widely to
public and government. Let us give a warm applaud to this success. This is the
success of each and every of us present today. On top of CEESDev 2014, we will
develop more collaborative projects and activities in the days ahead and work
together at a new height of understanding. Hope we keep in touch. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Finally, debates and discussions are
inevitable when we work in group. Therefore, I appeal all of us to forgive each
other if there has been any minor misunderstanding or dissatisfaction incurred
when all of us were working very hard with full heart and sleepless nights lately!
Most important thing is CESSDev 2014 has been successful! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hurray, we did it!! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">We have created a history! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I hope you all enjoyed as much as I did
myself, if not more :-)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In passing, I wish you all good health, and
a very happy and successful family and professional life ahead in the
auspicious occasion of Laxmi Puja and Tihar! May God bless us in our progressive endeavors like CESSDev.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "candara" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Thank you very much and Pranam!! "<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "candara" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "candara" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Press Release In Nepali :</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">GHESES International,
WECAN, IFS</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"><a href="http://www.aitm.edu.np/" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span lang="HI" style="color: #184972; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">एशियन इष्टिच्यूट अफ टेक्नोलोजी एण्ड म्यानेजमेन्ट</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"><a href="http://www.aitm.edu.np/" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #184972;">(AITM)</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.gheses.com.np/" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #184972;">GHESES International</span></a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.wecan.org.np/" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #184972;">WECAN</span></a>,
IFS, </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">एनआरएन
अष्ट्रेलिया</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.urjanews.com/details/1475/ku.edu.np" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span lang="HI" style="color: #184972; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">काठमाण्डौ युनिभर्सिटी</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">लगायतको आयोजना सुरु भएको एक दिने उर्जा अर्थतन्त्र र
दिगो विकास राष्ट्रिय सम्मेलनमा उनीहरुले पीटीए सकारात्मक भएपनि आयोजना विकास
सम्झौताबारे भने केही विज्ञहरुले सच्चाउनुपर्ने माग गरे ।</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"> </span></span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">सम्मेलनको
उद्घाटन कार्यक्रममा राष्ट्रिय योजना आयोगका सदस्य डा. गोविन्द नेपालले पीटीएले
नेपालको जलविद्युत विकासमा विदेशी लगानीकर्ता आकर्षण गर्ने बताए ।</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"> </span></span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">पुर्व
जलस्रोत सचिव सुर्यनाथ उपाध्यायले पीटीए सकारात्मक भएको बताउँदै यसले विद्युत
आदानप्रदान</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">, </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">व्यापार</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">, </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">बजार र लगानीको
सुनिश्चितता गरेको बताए । </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">‘</span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">पीटीए
कार्यावन्यनका लागि संयन्त्र बनाउने कुरा उल्लेख छ</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">, </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">यो सकारात्मक हो तर
यसको कार्यावन्यन पक्ष महत्वपूर्ण हुन्छ ।</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">’<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />
</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">पुर्व
उर्जा सचिव शीतलबाबु रेग्मीले पहिला पानीको उपयोगको समेत प्रावधान राखेर पीटीए
गर्न लागेपनि पछि त्यसलाई हटाएर गरिएको सम्झौता सकारात्मक भएको बताए । नेपाल
उद्योग वाणिज्य महासंघ उर्जा समितिका सभापति ज्ञानेन्द्रलाल प्रधानले पीटीए हुनु
देशको हितमा भएकोले यसको सबैले समर्थन गर्नुपर्ने बताए । भारतमा नेतृत्व परिवर्तन
हुँदाको परिणाम नेपालको सबै सर्तहरु स्वीकारेर गरेको पीटीए भारतका लागि भन्दा पनि
नेपालका लागि आवश्यक रहेको उनको भनाई थियो । </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">‘</span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">पीटीए नेपालका लागि उत्कृष्ट
सम्झौता हो</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">, </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">यसबारे
अनावश्क आशंका गर्नु आवश्यक छैन ।</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">’–</span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">उनले भने । प्राधिकरणका
उपकार्यकारी निर्देशक शेरसिंह भाटले पीटीए गर्दा नेपाल र भारतका केही कानुनमा
परिवर्तन गर्नुपर्ने भएकोले एउटा प्रावधानमा सबै अवरोधहरु अन्तय गर्ने उल्लेख
गरेकोले यसैलाई आधार मानेर अवरोधहरु छन् भन्नु नहुने बताए ।</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"><a href="http://www.ippan.org.np/" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span lang="HI" style="color: #184972; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">स्वतन्त्र उर्जा उत्पादकहरुको
संस्था (इप्पान)</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">का अध्यक्ष खड्गबहादुर
विष्टले विजुलीको क्षेत्रीय व्यापार समेत उल्लेख गरेर गरिएको सम्झौता उपयुक्र्त
भएको बताए । </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">‘</span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">पीटीएपछि
स्वदेशी जलविद्युतका प्रवद्र्धकहरु समेत खुशी छौ</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">, </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">नेपाल विद्युत
प्राधिकरणले विद्युत खरिद सम्झौता (पीपीए) नगरिरहेको बेला यसले बजार सुनिश्चित
गरेको छ ।</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">’–</span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">उनले
भने ।</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;"> </span></span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">पीडीएबारे
भने उपाध्याय</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">, </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">रेग्मी
र प्राध्यापक हरि पण्डितले अस्पष्ट भएको उल्लेख गर्दै यसका सर्तहरु सच्चाउनुपर्ने
बताएका थिए । प्रधान र विष्टले भने पीडीएले लगानीकर्तालाई उत्साहित हुने बताएका
थिए । उपाध्यायले जीएमआरले ९ सय मेगावाटको माथिल्लो कर्णाली सार्वजनिक नीजि
साझेदारी (पीपीपी) मोडेलमा निर्माण हुन लाग्नुले अनुमतिपत्र प्रणालीबारे आशंका
पैदान भएको बताए । पीडीए गर्दा बढी सहुलियत दिएकोमा उनको विरोध थियो । त्यसैगरी
रेग्मीले १ सय ५८ पेजको ठूलो पीडीए हस्तावेजलाई देशले धान्न सक्छकि सक्दैन भन्ने
प्रश्न उठेको बताए । पण्डितले ४२ सय मेगावाट विद्युत उत्पादन हुनेमा नौ सय मेगावाट
बनाइनुले समस्या निम्ताएको बताए । प्रधानले चीनमा पनि जलविद्युत लगानीकर्ताहरुलाई
सहुलियत दिने गरेको बताउँदै बन्न लागेका आयोजनाहरुमा अनावश्यक विरोध गर्नु गलत
भएको बताए । विष्टले प्रतिष्पर्धाको आधारमा दिइएको आयोजनामा पीडीए गर्न छिट्टै
गर्नुपर्ने उल्लेख गर्दै विवाद भन्दा यसबारे सरकार उदार हुनुपर्ने बताए ।</span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">दोस्रो प्यानल छलफलमा </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">Implementation
of energy-mix in Nepal: opportunities and challenges </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">लगायतबारे प्राध्यापक जगनाथ श्रेष्ठ</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">, </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">प्रा. अमृतिमान नकर्मी</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">, </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">नेपाल विद्युत
प्राधिकरणका उपकार्यकारी निर्देशक शेरसिंह भाट</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">, </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">जीआईजेट/निप कार्यक्रममा डा.
नारायण चौलागाई</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">, </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">सेमनका
सल्लाहकार नवीन भुजेल सहभागी थिए । वैकल्पिक उर्जा प्रर्वधन केन्द्रका मधुसुदन
अधिकारीले सहजीकरण गरेको सो छलफलमा उनीहरुले नेपालको उर्जा समस्या समाधान गर्न
जलस्रोतसँगसँगै सौर्य उर्जा</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">, </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">ग्यासिफायर</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt;">, </span><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">वायु उर्जाको सहायता
लिएर इनर्जी मिक्समा जानु अनिवार्य भइसकेको भएतापनि तत्काल यसको कार्यान्वयनमा
विभिन्न नीतिगत समस्या भएको कुरा औँल्याउनु भयो । वैकल्पिक उर्जाको प्रवर्धन गरेर
पेट्रोलियको आयात घटाउन सकिने र यसले देशको अर्थतन्त्रमा सकारात्मक प्रभाव पार्न
सक्ने कुरा छलफलमा आएको थियो । साथसाथै इनर्जी मिक्सको दिगोपनतामा जोड दिएका थिए ।</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span lang="HI" style="color: #333333; font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">Reference: </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">- See more
at: http://www.urjanews.com/details/1475/ku.edu.np#sthash.hYAFxkUh.dpuf</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "candara" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "candara" , sans-serif;">Cheers </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "candara" , sans-serif;">Rabin </span></div>
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Rabin Dhakalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07536362481195695930noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2382742781059140852.post-12313751361413182202014-01-05T01:38:00.000-08:002014-01-10T01:40:18.791-08:00COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS ON BIOMEDICAL FIELD<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2382742781059140852" name="_Toc360968072" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ABSTRACT</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Computational fluid dynamics</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">,
usually abbreviated as CFD, is a
branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve
and analyze problems that involve fluid flows. The human body fluid has complex
behavior and its study is very difficult. Experiments to understand the fluid
behavior might be time consuming and costly. CFD complement experimental and </span><span style="line-height: 21px;">analytical</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> approaches by providing an alternative cost-effective means of
simulating real fluid flow, particularly in human body fluids. CFD has the
capacity to simulate flow conditions that are not reproducible during
experimental tests found in geophysical and biological fluid dynamics, such as
scenarios that are too huge, too remote, or too small to be simulated
experimentally. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">This
report discusses about the components of CFD and its application in various </span><span style="line-height: 21px;">bio- medical</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> field. All CFD processes contain three main components to provide
useful information, such as pre-processing (pre-processor), solving
mathematical equations (solver), and post-processing (post processor). Initial
accurate geometric modeling and boundary conditions are essential to achieve
adequate results. Medical imaging, such as ultrasound imaging, computed
tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging can be used for modeling, and
Doppler ultrasound, pressure wire, and non-invasive pressure measurements are
used for flow velocity and pressure as a boundary condition.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Many
simulations and clinical results have been used to study congenital heart
disease, heart failure, ventricle function, aortic disease, work of heart,
coronary artery disease and carotid and intra-cranial </span><span style="line-height: 21px;">cardiovascular</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> diseases.
With decreasing hardware costs and rapid computing times, researchers and
medical scientists may increasingly use this reliable CFD tool to deliver
accurate results. A realistic, multidisciplinary approach is essential to
accomplish these tasks. Indefinite collaborations between mechanical engineers
and clinical and medical scientists are essential.<span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2382742781059140852" name="_Toc360968073" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">1.INTRODUCTION</a></b></span></div>
<h1 style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The aim of this report
is to survey the state of CFD technology in the biomedical field and discuss
the development and current scenario of CFD tool in the biomedical field.</span><span lang="NE" style="line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Approximately 80% of the human body mass
consists of water. The vascular system (arteries and veins) delivers nutrients
and retrieves waste products. The respiratory system delivers oxygen and
retrieves carbon dioxide. These vital transport systems are mainly tubular in
nature, and are powered by the heart and lung respectively. Any kind of damage
or obstruction of these transport systems will, in all likelihood, result in a
variety of diseases than can have a profound effect on wellness and quality of
life. Vessel damage or obstruction may be treated by a variety of surgical and
interventional procedures: stenting, balloon angioplasty, in situ drug delivery
for unclotting, bypass surgery, artificial organ implantation, etc. Many of
these procedures are performed daily on thousands of patients, and have led to
an impressive empirical knowledge database. Some of these procedures have
statistically significant failure rates, indicating a need to study in depth
the aid dynamics before and after the intervention. As in the manufacturing
industries, it would be highly desirable to predict the outcome of an
intervention before 'cutting tissue', particularly for complex cases where a
detailed empirical database is lacking.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The
basic steps required for any type of </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">flow</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
simulation are the following:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Pre-Processing
or Problem Definition:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Geometry
(Surface);<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Boundary
and Initial Conditions;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Grid
Generation;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Fluid-Structure
Solver; and<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Visualization
and Data Reduction.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">Any
type of interventional simulation will require accurate modeling of
patient-specific anatomy and physiologic conditions. It is here where the
biggest obstacle to routine simulations lies. Typically, only the anatomy is
imaged. Flows may be measured non-invasively by PCMRA or ultrasound (US).
However, the accuracy for these measurements can be problematic due to imaging
artifacts and noise. The compliance of an arterial wall is difficult to obtain,
and its pressure/dilatation may be highly nonlinear.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">Nevertheless,
recent advances in:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Radiology
(high contrast imaging);<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Image-to-surface
definition tools;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Automatic
grid generation;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Fast </span><span style="line-height: 21px;">in compressible</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> flow solvers and realistic boundary conditions;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Fluid-structure
interaction techniques;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Insightful
visualization;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Validation
in the form of in vitro/vivo studies; and<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Increased
compute and graphics power have led to a favorable confluence of techniques
that have made predictions on the living human being possible, and in some
cases, routinely so.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">In
the sequel, we focus on recent advances, outstanding issues and obstacles for
each one of these areas. Thereafter, we show several examples to demonstrate
that what a vision was several years ago is maturing rapidly and may indeed
lead to medical tools in the near future.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<b style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2382742781059140852" name="_Toc360968074" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. DESCRIPTION</span></a></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2382742781059140852" name="_Toc360968075" style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2.1
What is CFD</span></b></a></div>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) is a mechanical engineering field for analyzing fluid flow, heat
transfer, and associated phenomena, using computer-based simulation. CFD is a
widely adopted methodology for solving complex problems in many modern engineering
fields. The merit of CFD is developing new and improved devices and system
designs, and optimization is conducted on existing equipment through
computational simulations, resulting in enhanced efficiency and lower operating
costs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 8.3pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 15.75pt;">The technique is very
powerful and spans a wide range of areas. In the beginning, CFD was primarily
limited to high-technology engineering areas-, but now it is a widely adopted
methodology for solving complex problems in many modern engineering fields. CFD
is becoming a vital component in the design of industrial products and systems.
Examples are aerodynamics and hydrodynamics of vehicles, power plants including
turbines, electronic engineering, chemical engineering, external and internal
environmental architectural design, marine and environmental engineering,
hydrology, meteorology, and </span><span style="line-height: 21px;">bio-medical</span><span style="line-height: 15.75pt;"> engineering.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The study of fluid
mechanics includes the study of fluids either in motion (fluid in dynamic mode)
or at rest (fluid in stationary mode). CFD is usually dedicated to fluids that
are in motion, and how the fluid flow behavior influences processes.
Additionally, the physical characteristics of fluid motion can usually be
described through fundamental mathematical equations, usually in partial
differential form, which govern the process of interest and are often called
governing equations. These mathematical equations are solved by being converted
by computer scientists using high-level computer programming languages. The
computations reflect the study of fluid flow through numerical simulations,
which involves employing programs performed on high-speed digital computers to
attain numerical solutions.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2382742781059140852" name="_Toc360968076" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2.2
Component of computational fluid dynamics</span></b></a></div>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Computational fluid
dynamics is usually performed with use of commercial CFD codes. CFD codes are
structured by numerical algorithms that consider fluid-flow problems. All CFD
codes must contain three main components to provide useful information; 1) a
pre-processor, 2) a solver, and 3) a post-processor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 8.3pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 8.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2382742781059140852" name="_Toc360968077" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2.2.1
Pre-processor</span></b></a></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 8.3pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 8.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pre-processing consists
of inputting a fluid flow problem into a CFD program. This includes defining
the geometry of the region of interest, grid or mesh generation, selection of
the physical and chemical phenomena that need to be modeled, a definition of fluid
properties, and specification of appropriate boundary conditions at the inlet
and outlet. The larger the number of cell grids the better the solution
accuracy. The accuracy of a solution and the required time for computational
problem solving are dependent on grid fineness. Most of the time spent is
devoted to this process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 15.75pt;">In cardiovascular
systems, computational imaging tools may confer the grid generation
information, but limitations are that the resolution of current imaging tools
is still low and geometry varies according to the cardiac cycle. Blood acts as
a non-Newtonian fluid, because blood has varying </span><span style="line-height: 21px;">viscosity</span><span style="line-height: 15.75pt;"> according to its
shear rate. Fig -</span><span style="line-height: 21px;">shows</span><span style="line-height: 15.75pt;"> the correlation between blood viscosity and shear
rate.Thus, the correct viscosity model using a mathematical equation should be
selected according to the range of shear rates. The energy conservation law of
fluid motion is an important consideration for basic concepts. Boundary
conditions, such as blood pressure, blood flow velocity, and temperature are
readily available from invasive and non-invasive measurements based on the
region of interest. Another essential consideration is that these boundary
conditions also vary according to the cardiac cycle and the unique conditions
of coronary circulation. Fig- 2 shows a sample of these pressure and
velocity profiles during cardiac cycles for modeling and CFD.<span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2382742781059140852" name="_Toc360968078" style="background-color: transparent;">2.2.2
Solver</a></span></b></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 15.75pt;">Numerical solution
techniques are available such as finite difference, finite element, finite
volume, and spectral methods. Each has a distinct numerical technique, but the
basis of the solver is to perform an approximation of unknown flow variables by
means of simple functions, </span><span style="line-height: 21px;">discretionary</span><span style="line-height: 15.75pt;"> by substitution of the approximations
into the governing flow, and an algebraic solution. If the user uses a solution
technique, the time spent depends upon the calculating capacity of the
computer. Usually, the finite volume method is adopted for cardiovascular
systems.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2382742781059140852" name="_Toc360968079" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2.2.3
Post-processor</span></b></a></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The object of this
process is to visualize the computational results. Many visualization tools
have been developed, including domain geometry and grid display, vector plots,
line and shaded contour plots, two-dimensional and three-dimensional surface
plots, particle tracking, and color postscript outputs. After this process, the
researcher can easily understand the simulation results. For example, the
changes in blood flow profiles, pressure distribution, wall shear stress (WSS),
oscillating shear index (OSI), and shear rate can be visualized using color
rendering techniques. Furthermore, a cyclic motion view can be obtained during
cardiac cycles.<span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2382742781059140852" name="_Toc360968080" style="background-color: transparent;">2.3
Application of CFD in Biomedical field( Cardiovascular system)</a></span></b></div>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 8.3pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 8.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the biomedical field,
CFD is still emerging. The main reason why CFD in the biomedical field has
lagged behind is the tremendous complexity of human body fluid behavior.
Recently, CFD biomedical research is more accessible, because high performance
hardware and software are easily available with advances in computer science.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 8.3pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 8.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> All CFD processes contain three main
components to provide useful information, such as pre-processing, solving
mathematical equations, and post-processing. Initial accurate geometric
modeling and boundary conditions are essential to achieve adequate results.
Medical imaging, such as ultrasound imaging, computed tomography, and magnetic
resonance imaging can be used for modeling, and Doppler ultrasound, pressure
wire, and non-invasive pressure measurements are used for flow velocity and
pressure as a boundary condition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Many simulations and
clinical results have been used to study congenital heart disease, heart
failure, ventricle function, aortic disease, and carotid and intra-cranial
cerebrovascular diseases. With decreasing hardware costs and rapid computing
times, researchers and medical scientists may increasingly use this reliable
CFD tool to deliver accurate results. A realistic, multidisciplinary approach
is essential to accomplish these tasks. Indefinite collaborations between
mechanical engineers and clinical and medical scientists are essential. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CFD may be an important
methodology to understand the pathophysiology of the development and progression
of disease and for establishing and creating treatment modalities in the
cardiovascular field.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Recently, medical researchers have used
simulation tools to assist in predicting the behavior of circulatory blood flow
inside the human body. Computational simulations provide invaluable information
that is extremely difficult to obtain experimentally and is one of the many CFD
sample applications in the biomedical area in which blood flow through an
abnormal artery can be predicted. CFD analysis is increasingly performed to
study fluid phenomena inside the human vascular system. Medical simulations of
circulatory function offer many benefits. They can lower the chances of
postoperative complications, assist in developing better surgical procedures,
and deliver a good understanding of biological processes, as well as more
efficient and less destructive medical equipment such as blood pumps.
Furthermore, medical applications using CFD have expanded not only into the
diseased clinical situation, but also into health life supportives, such as
sport medicine and rehabilitation. Several examples are discussed as follows.<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2382742781059140852" name="_Toc360968081" style="text-align: left;">2.3.1
Coronary artery disease; atherosclerosis</a></span></b></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Although many systemic risk factors predispose
development of atherosclerosis, it preferentially affects certain regions of
circulation, suggesting developing coronary atherosclerosis.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 8.3pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 8.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Information regarding
the spatial distribution of intraluminal hemodynamics of the coronary that
lesion-prone areas may at least in part be due to biomechanically related
factors. Furthermore, luminal hemodynamics, such as flow velocity, pressure
changes, and WSS have been suggested as other risk factors for vascular tree
are available using CFD.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 8.3pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 8.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fig-3 shows an
example of performing CFD from pre-processing to post-processing. At first, a
mesh or grid of region of interest is generated from the coronary extract
images of computerized tomogram. The researchers might use any three
dimensional medical images. The Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
(DICOM) files should be converted into a file which can be used in a soft ware
analyzing three dimensional vector information. All the digitalized data, such
as velocity and pressure information according as cardiac cycle as a boundary
condition were selected to put into an appropriate algebraic solution. And, the
next step is mathematic solving process by the computer. At this process,
mechanical engineers and medical scientists should discuss about all the
clinical situations for selecting an appropriate viscosity models due to
non-Newtonian fluid analysis, governing equations. Final step is visualization
process for user. There are so many representative processing results, such as
pressure profiles, velocity profiles, particle tracing, time-averaged wall
shear stress (TAWSS), OSI, etc. This figure shows high TAWSS, OSI at
bifurcation. TAWSS shows higher at bifurcation apex, but OSI shows higher at
lateral side of side branch.<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 8.3pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 8.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2382742781059140852" name="_Toc360968082" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.75pt; text-align: left;">2.3.1
Congenital heart disease; Fontan Circulation</a></span></b></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 8.3pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 8.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fontan circulation,
first described by Fontan and Baudet, is
characterized by the absence of a right ventricle and functions under unique
hemodynamics. The key targets of geometric correction of Fontan procedure are
the separation of systemic and pulmonary venous return and establishing the
pathway of a passive, direct, and unobstructed connection between the systemic
venous return and the pulmonary artery (PA) for treating single ventricle
physiology, as one example of congenital heart disease.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 8.3pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 8.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">While the Fontan
procedure is a classic treatment procedure for a functional single ventricle in
patients with congenital heart diseases, it has a potentially harmful effect
for normal circulation. The absence of a right ventricle induces a pressure
elevation in the venous system. The basic pathophysiological mechanisms
originate from increased central venous pressure and the superior vena cava
(SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 8.3pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 8.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Elevated central venous
pressure is poorly tolerated over time, particularly in the IVC, and has
deleterious effects on liver and splanchnic circulation. Protein-losing
enteropathy and plastic bronchitis<span lang="NE"> </span>characterize the worst outcomes. At the liver
level, elevated central venous pressure may induce complex liver dysfunction
and stimulate angiogenesis factors favoring a venovenous anastomosis, pulmonary
venous fistula, and, potentially, aortopulmonary collateral anastomoses. At the
lung level, the upper PA branches are poorly or not perfused, and the lymphatic
circulation is globally impaired. The single ventricle faces a significant
increase in total systemic resistance because it needs to "push"
against not only the usual systemic resistance but also lung resistance. As a
consequence, the systemic ventricle becomes hypertrophied, with elevated
end-diastolic pressure, which diminishes diastolic performance.Several studies
have focused on solving these problems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Computational fluid
dynamics was performed after artificially modeling the Fontan circulation using
medical information. Fig-5 shows the velocity profiles at maximal
flow among cardiac cycle time periods. Significantly increased flows were
driven from the SVC, particularly during inspiration, indicating that unmixed
blood flow to the PA and blood flow in the IVC may be more congested during
inspiration than during expiration. During standing and inspiration, blood flow
profiles aggravate the stagnation of systemic venous blood flow return and
failure of the blood mixing function, suggesting that an artificial pumping
device is essential for correcting Fontan circulation failure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2382742781059140852" name="_Toc360968083">2.3.2
Work of a Heart</a></span></b></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This is another example
of using CFD as a diagnostic tool for evaluating heart function. Work of the
heart (WHO) is calculated using a pressure-volume curve. Some new indirect
diagnostic tools are available to evaluate the WOH. The modified Windkessel
model was used with blood viscosity models to develop a mathematical model for
estimating WOH utilizing the pulse waves between two points of a vessel. The
human arterial system is a network of vessels that converts intermittent flow
of the heart into steady flow through the capillaries and venous system. The
modified Windkessel model is a type of lumped parameter model that allows
simulation of blood flow in the entire circulatory system as an electrical
circuit (Fig-6).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this figure, Qin, Q1,
and Q1 are defined as the flow rate exiting from the left ventricle during
systole, the flow rate passing through the peripheral system, and the flow rate
passing through the distal system, respectively. Similarly, p1 and p2 are the
pressures measured at the proximal and distal locations, representatives of
central and peripheral blood pressure, respectively. Moreover, C1 and C2 are
proximal and distal compliances, where L corresponds to the inertia of blood
(L=0.017 mmHgs<sup>2</sup>/mL). Flow rate in the left ventricle can be
calculated with the mathematical fluid analysis shown in Fig-7 by
measuring blood pressure curves at two points in the peripheral arteries
(brachial and radial arteries).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The blood viscosity model is essential to solve
the problem of an increased burden of work on the heart, so further study will
be needed to verify which viscosity model results are similar compared to <i>in
vivo</i> results. However, this type of study might suggest the
possibility of developing non-invasive devices for measuring WHO. Fig-7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Proximal (Q1) and distal (Q2) flow rates in the
left ventricle calculated with the Herschel-Bulkley equation.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2382742781059140852" name="_Toc360968084" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2.3.4
Others cardiovascular systems</span></b></a></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CFD is being
increasingly employed to understand carotid stenosis and its biological
properties according to geometric risks,<span lang="NE"> </span>or via virtual prototyping to Physiology and diseases of the aorta,
carotid, and cerebral arteries are also studied with recommend the best design
for surgical reconstruction during a carotid endarterectomy,<span lang="NE"> </span>and conjunctional research magnetic resonance images.<span lang="NE"> </span>Furthermore, CFD is being used to better understand blood flow
through an aneurysm in the abdominal artery, and the development and
progression of aortic dissection.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2382742781059140852" name="_Toc360968085" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>Advantages and Limitations</span></b></a></div>
<h1 style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There are many
advantages when considering CFD. Theoretical development in the computational
sciences focuses on the construction and solution of governing equations and
the study of various approximations to these equations. CFD complements
experimental and analytical approaches by providing an alternative
cost-effective means of simulating real fluid flow, particularly in human body
fluids. CFD has the capacity to simulate flow conditions that are not
reproducible during experimental tests found in geophysical and biological
fluid dynamics, such as scenarios that are too huge, too remote, or too small
to be simulated experimentally. Furthermore, CFD provides rather detailed
visual and comprehensive information when compared to analytical and
experimental fluid dynamics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Although CFD is
advantageous, it cannot easily replace experimental testing as a method to
gather information for design purposes. Despite its many advantages, the
researcher must consider the inherent limitations of applying CFD. Numerical
errors occur during computations; therefore, there will be differences between
the computed results and reality. Visualizing numerical solutions using
vectors, contours, or animated movies of unsteady flow are the most effective
ways to interpret the huge amount of data generated from numerical
calculations. Wonderfully bright color pictures may provide a sense of realism
to the actual fluid mechanics inside a flow system, but they are worthless if
they are not quantitatively correct. Thus, numerical results must always be
thoroughly examined before they are believed; therefore, a CFD user needs to
learn how to properly analyze and make critical judgments about the computed
results.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Another important
comment is collaboration between mechanical engineers and medical scientists.
Not any one department can deliver a result. Each discipline should provide
feedback on the results at each step.<span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2382742781059140852" name="_Toc360968086" style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.75pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span>Conclusions</span></b></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 15.75pt;">This report has
identified current four applications of CFD in Biomedical field. Rapid advances
of many industrial applications in computer science are outstanding, which
requires changes in CFD. This changing situation is partly attributed to the
rapid evolution of CFD techniques and models. Excellent creative models for
simulating complex fluid mechanics problems in the human body and therapeutic
models are now being progressively applied, particularly with the availability
of commercial CFD computer programs. The increasing use of these programs in
medicine might reveal how demanding the practical problems analyzed by CFD are.
With decreasing hardware costs and rapid computing times, researchers and
medical scientists may be relying increasingly on this reliable CFD tool to
deliver accurate results. However, a realistic multidisciplinary approach is
essential to accomplish these tasks. Indefinite collaborations between
mechanical engineers and clinical and medical scientists are essential. CFD may
be an important methodology for understanding the pathophysiology of developing
and progressing cardiovascular disease and for establishing creative treatment </span><span style="line-height: 21px;">moralities</span><span style="line-height: 15.75pt;"> in the cardiovascular field.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">With regards,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rabin</span><br />
<br /></div>
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Rabin Dhakalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07536362481195695930noreply@blogger.com3